Reliable Strategies for Samples of High Score Essay on Accuplacer That You Can Use Starting Immediately

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Objectivity Of Social Research Free Of Bias Or Prejudice

Objectivity of Social Research: Free of Bias or Prejudice There is a change of belief of people: some believing that objectivity in social research is possible, others believe it to be not. Five diverse kinds of advices are progressive for Social Research not being objective: 1. Sociological decisions are biased, being painted by researcher’s personal life experiences. 2. All intentions are restricted to their connotation to specific linguistic backgrounds belonging to the similar manner. 3. All sociological philosophies are shaped by, and restricted to, specific social groups. Such a policy is seldom taken to be a consequence of the sociology of information which indulgences all information as a function of social site. 4. All explanations are inevitably driven by theories or principles. 5. All members of a society have dissimilar values; sociologists will instinctively, but essentially have their opinions prejudiced by their morals. Some sociologists contend that objectivity in some of the above sanities is not essentially looked-for; it is contended that the sociologist/social researcher should be serious and advocate specific values. Few views for Objectivity in Social Researches There have been some views formulated for Social Researches and the researchers as well, few are explained as below: Normativism The contradictory view establishes the speculative situation of normativism. This position causes a number of philosophies, the most significant of which areShow MoreRelatedObjectivity Of Social Research Is The Hunt For An Objective Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesObjectivity in Social Research is the hunt for an objective i.e. truth. The opinion that the philosophy of science, comprising economics is under accumulative pressure curtailing from the post-positivist assessment of science; conversely the revolution in research behaviour as a result of its marketization calls for an amplification of the content and positioning of this philosophy. Introduction to Objectivity in Social Research Objectivity is the most valued worth of a Social research. The spiritRead MoreSocial, Physical, And Emotional Trauma That People Suffer Because Of Illegal Activities862 Words   |  4 Pagesis called victimology. Victimologists, also known as social scientists, investigate the role the victims play in a crime. To do their work these scientists have to be unbiased in face of conditions where it can be hard to separate personal emotions from the crime committed. Social scientists are often faced with a plethora of circumstances that could compromise their ability to be truly objective. The factors that could potentially cloud a social scientists judgment include their own personal experienceRead MoreThe Objectivity Of The Social Researcher Is Fatally Compromised When He Or She Takes Sides2469 Words   |  10 PagesTopic: Critically analyse the claim that the objectivity of the social researcher is fatally compromised when he or she takes sides. Introduction: There are different major concepts in sociology for the research purposes including objectivity, subjectivity and value freedom. Social researcher is not allowed to influence his view due to his values in value freedom concept. It is generally accepted idea that the human being has got values but in will be considered that the sociologist has no valuesRead MoreCan and Should Sociology be Value Free. this essay is about the aim of sociology that is to be value free and whether it can and should achieve that aim2132 Words   |  9 PagesThe term value neutrality was used by Weber to indicate the necessary objectivity researchers need when investigating problems in the natural sciences. Weber even though had introduced the term and accepted a scientific in the study of sociology, he did not believed that absolute objectivity is attainable. Weber said that value neutrality should be the primary aim in sociology but it cannot be obtained since sociology is the study of human behaviors and society thus making it prone to personal viewsRead MoreIs Science Rational? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesconsciously or unconsciously, unchallenged. We have taken advantage of the label that we have set for science, as well as its goals, and failed to look at them further. So what do we consider Science? Pure? Objective? Rational? Beyond social? We look to science to help us find truth, and explain, as well as create and implement technologies that promote the welfare of man. But we have found through the readings that these characteristics are not always what are taking place throughoutRead MoreThe Media And Liberal Democracy2741 Words   |  11 Pagessubcultures, and create public opinion with regards to any social issues. Depending on the audience, the way information is presented, or ‘skewed’, can create a dynamic lasting effect. History shows that media has played a crucial role in the formation of certain prejudices we so often encounter every day in our lives. In Canada and the United States, we are fortunate to live in an ideal liberalistic democracy. We value capitalism, free markets, free press under the notion that everyone has the rightRead MoreRacism And The Human Race2009 Words   |  9 Pagesrace Blacks shall never be equal to white counterparts who microscopically stigmatized Black’s through racial cultural lens and racial profiling. This paper shall implores the true legitimization of the Black Experience in the American South via objectivity and factual truths dating back from day of arrival to present. In addition, to portray the brutality and inequality that still exists. It has been approximately three hundred ninety-six years (396) since the first Blacks’ were inhumanely capturedRead MoreThe Ethical Code Of Ethics4083 Words   |  17 PagesPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board. However, legislators have been utilizing audit failure as reasons to present extra regulation into an industry that is as of now over-managed. This practice is addressed here on account of the capacity of the free market to rebuff auditor failure; the dynamism indicated by members in connection to the deliberate appropriation of new self-administrative approaches and the high costs and questionable adequacy of the new regulations embraced (Arruà ±ada 2004). ARead MoreThe Ethical Code Of Ethics4083 Words   |  17 PagesPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board. However, legislators have been utilizing audit failure as reasons to present extra regulation into an industry that is as of now over-managed. This practice is addressed here on account of the capacity of the free market to rebuff auditor failure; the dynamism indicated by members in connection to the deliberate appropriation of new self-administrative approaches and the high costs and questionable adequacy of the new regulations embraced (Arruà ±ada 2004). ARead MoreSocial Problems Among Youth5423 Words   |  22 Pages Introduction The public always relate social ills or social problems with teenagers from the age of 13 to 20 years old. Unfortunately, social problems have occurred in every corner around the world including Malaysia. It is one of the most serious problems that are growing worldwide. Most of the teenagers around the world are facing the similar social ills, such as, drug abuse, bully, abortion, alcohol problems, free sex and other social problems. Nowadays, newspapers in Malaysia especially

Equality, Diversity, and Democracy free essay sample

Justice and Equality Cannot Coexist, For When One is Achieved the Other is Infringed Upon: Equality, diversity, and democracy are the three components that America claims to revolve around, but unfortunately lacks. America is a nation filled with envy, rage, and such preposterous behaviors and actions. Since the founding of the nation, to the present of America, and according to the predicament of the future, this territorial notion that America abides by is slowly corrupting the nation.Since the establishment of America equality was always an issue, but always an issue of avoidance. In the article Deconstructing America, Buchanan states, â€Å"As for the Africans, they arrived in 1619 in slave ship, and were not freed for 246 years. Then they were segregated for a century† (465). Buchanan stresses the idea that America claims to be a picture perfect nation where all is equal, but in reality they’ve lacked equality since their uprising. Another idea that Buchanan stresses elaborates more in the idea that equality has been an issue in America. In Buchanan’s article Deconstructing America, he refers to the English, the Virginians, and the Americans in this quote: â€Å"They believed in superiority of their Christian faith and English culture and civilization. And they transplanted that unique faith, culture, and civilization to the America’s fertile soil. Other faiths, cultures, and civilizations like the ones the Indians had here, or the Africans brought, or the French had planted in the Quebec, or the Spanish in Mexico ___ they rejected and resisted with cannon, musket, and sword.This was our land, not anybody else’s. (466)† Americans have been, and still in some ways are territorial and limited to their beliefs, customs, and rituals. These beliefs were more crucial in the past decades, but still haven’t drastically changed. Equality is past of freedom of speech and that idea is also restricted in America. For example, African Americans still endure hardships in America to this day. Their options and privileges are narrowed down. How does a nation expect respect from its own people, when the nation itself is corrupting?The diversity in America has expanded tremendously, it no longer consist of more than half of the population being Caucasians. The many different ethnicities in America are fluctuating as time passes by; the minorities are now becoming the majority. The idea that America has become such a diverse nation is what is causing problems within a nation itself. Many of the problems America has undergone is due to the immensity if diversity, and all the ethnicities grudging each other. In Spike Lee’s film Do The Right Thing, this idea is shown more clearly. In a neighborhood of African Americans and Puerto Ricans, the owners of the pizzeria belittle the African Americans who reside there. Pino the son of the owner, Sal, constantly has something crude to say about Mookie or any African American who steps foot into the pizza parlor. In one point they kick an African American male out of the pizza parlor and that is when the fight between the two ethnicities rises. The man died after the police hit him, then the other African Americans begin a riot and a brutal fight begins, where it causes the pizza parlor to be burnt down.This whole scene allows American people to see how corrupt the diversity is making the American nation. In Deconstructing America, Buchanan states, â€Å"Is the diversity strength? In the ideology of modernity, yes. But history teaches otherwise for how can racial diversity be a strength when racial diversity was behind the bloodiest war in the U. S. history and has been the most polarizing issue among us ever since? †(469). Buchanan tries to point out the idea that America has war within the ethnicities that make it up.This is slowly bringing the nation to an end. Hsu restates a remark made by President Bill Clinton in 1998, in his article The End of White America? : â€Å"Today, largely because of immigration, there is no majority race in Hawaii or Houston or New York City. Within five years, there will be no majority race in our largest state, California. In a little more than fifty years there will be no majority race in the United States. No other nation in history has gone through demographic change of this magnitude in so short a time . . . These immigrants] are energizing our culture and broadening our vision of the world. They are renewing our most basic values and reminding us all of what it truly means to be American† (500). Hsu discusses the idea that America will soon become a nation with no majority race, and that the American people take for granted all the new ideas these different ethnicities are bringing into the nation. Instead of learning from them, they seek violence and inequality as their solutions. Democracy is an even bigger issue in America.In The Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Richie states, â€Å"The reality of contemporary religious pluralism may be either one of the greatest threats to democratic freedom, civil or ecclesiastical, or one of its greatest assets† (471). Richie comes across the issue of democracy with religion, which is a big issue in America, along with all the other freedoms the American people are said to have. Every aspect in America is Democratic, America is a â€Å"this or that† nation, you can’t have more than one, and America won’t settle for drastic changes.In the book Democracy in America, by Alexis De Tocqueville he states: â€Å"In the United States the ablest men are rarely placed at the head of affairs Reason for this peculiarity The envy which prevails in the lower orders of France against the higher class is not a French but a purely democratic feeling Why the most distinguished men in America frequently seclud e themselves from public affairs† (200). De Tocqueville stresses the idea that in America people with power avoid having to deal with situations that are of importance.This idea points out how people of different ethnicities have limited advantages, when those with power don’t make the correct choices, or don’t know how to deal with them. In Deconstructing America, Buchanan states, â€Å"If Jamestown and Virginia were not about democracy, equality, and diversity for the 350 years between 1607 and 1957, who invented this myth that America was always about democracy, equality, and diversity? And what was their motive? † (465).

Treasure of the Sierra Madre Movie Review Essay Example For Students

Treasure of the Sierra Madre Movie Review Essay In the movie Treasure of the Sierra Madre, two down and out American ex-patriots in Tampico, Mexico, team up with an old prospector to look for gold. Throughout the movie, these three men are faced with various challenges. They must fight off bandits, try to survive in the wilderness and learn to tolerate and trust each other. The movie opens on the hands of a scraggly looking bum, dirty and scrounging, holding a lottery ticket. This man is later introduced as Dobbs. He is begging for money from richer looking men until he is given some. He takes the money and goes to the barbershop for a shave and a haircut. Dobbs then accepts a job for eight American dollars a day. When the job is finished, he and another guy the bum that he had met earlier on are not paid. The younger American, named Curtain asks Dobbs, how much money they had left between them, hoping it was enough to rent a bed somewhere. They find a place that they can afford and when they get there overhear someone talking. The old man, a scruffy toothless gold prospector named Howard is describing the adventurous hunt for gold. We will write a custom essay on Treasure of the Sierra Madre Movie Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Being half drunk and overtired, Dobbs cannot resist taking an interest in the conversation. He, Curtain, and Howard decide to pool their money together for a total of 500 dollars. Howard does not think it is enough to buy tools and such, but it will do. Just then, the little boy that Dobbs bought the lottery ticket from comes in exclaiming that Dobbs has won 200 pesos. This was enough, added to their other money to send them on their trip. They venture on and eventually find gold. What they find, they do not believe is gold, but sand. Only after closely inspecting it, are they sure it is truly genuine. A mysterious man follows Curtain from the village he was sent to for supplies back to their camp. He is introduces as Cody and wonders if he could be a partner. Curtain, Dobbs, and Howard figure that they have three options, send him away, kill him, or make him a partner. They decide send him away is useless and making him a partner is out of the question, death is the only option. Just then bandits attack and end up killing Cody. When looking through his belongings before burying him and find out that he has a wife and a child. They decide that it is time to pack up and leave with the $35,000 that they each have. They say goodbye to the mountain and start their way down. Curtain suggests that they give Codys widow a partners fourth and Howard agrees; Dobbs greedily resists. While they are arguing, a group of Indians approaches them in need of help. They mistake Howard as a medicine man and insist he follow them. A boy had fallen into the river and nearly drowned. He was still unconscious and partly in shock. Howard saves the child and goes back to camp. The Indians follow and demand he come back with them so their debts can be repaid. He makes Dobbs and Curtain continue down the mountain. He will catch up in a few days. Dobbs suggests that they take Howards share of the goods and go north. Curtain being an honest man says he would never do it, not even to Dobbs. Dobbs then draws his gun on Curtain fearing that he will lose his money to his partner. Dobbs is certain that Curtain will murder him in the night and murder him, so he bets him all the gold that he will be able to stay awake longer. .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .postImageUrl , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:hover , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:visited , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:active { border:0!important; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:active , .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6 .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udaafb5102a3927b750cabd56617567e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sherlock Holmes: a Game of Shadows Film Reveiw EssayWhen Curtain falls asleep first, Dobbs attacks him and shoots him twice. He then goes to sleep. Meanwhile, an injured Curtain crawls off ending up back at the Indian camp where Howard is. Howard cleans the wounds as curtain explains to him what is going on with Dobbs. Dobbs conscience gets to him, not wanting to leave Curtain to the vultures and not knowing if he is dead. So he goes back to shoot him again and bury him and realizes that he is gone. He takes off, scared that Curtain may still be alive and coming after him. When stopping for water, bandits stop him and kill him, taking all his burros, which carry all his gold and animal hides. Thinking that the bags of gold are only sand to weigh the hides down, they dump the bags and continue on to town. The federales get the bandits, and Howard and Curtain figure out what happened. They got to where the gold was dumped and find nothing there. Howard decides the best thing to do would be to go back with the Indians and serve as their medicine man. He makes Curtain promise that he will go see Codys widow. The movie ends with one of the horses stepping on an empty gold bag as they ride away.

History Through Movies essays

History Through Movies essays The movie The Last Days focuses on five Shoah survivors, each one of them telling their story to the camera. These five survivors are named Congressmen Tom Lantos, Alice Lok Cahara, Renee Firestone, Bill Basch and Irene Zisblatt. Each one of them came to America after the war creating families, professions and occupations, they narrate there past. The first person viewed is congressmen Tom Lantos, the 10- times elected Congressmen from California and the only holocaust survivor in Congress, he is the only Budapest of the group, the son of Patrician parents, both killed in camps. Tom Lantos came to the United States in 1947 on a Hillel Scholarship. Zisblatt escaped the gas chamber only because the room was so full that the door could not be shut without first removing her, Basch came face to face with a Nazis pistol, forced to leave a friend behind or to be killed himself. The witnesses were all teenagers then who grew up fast now narrating their Holocaust horrors. Many of them beli eve that they were kept alive to tell their story. The film focuses on the last years of the war when the Nazis shifted their emphasis from winning the war to diverting immense resources to the final Solution an attempt to annihilate all of European Jews. The horror began, on March 19,1944, Hitler by now mistrustful of his ally invaded the country. In Hungary the selection and deportation process was carried out in a mere twelve weeks. It is a documentary about the final days of millions of Jews, which is known as the Holocaust. Spielberg put together lots of film file footage about the Holocaust. It is a horrifying, troubling, but ultimately uplifting documentary that tells the story of the Holocaust in the words of Jewish Hungarian survivors. The film begins with the survivors each one of them telling their personal stories. These are five apparently strong and healthy older people, each one of them ...

Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847–August 2, 1922) invented the telephone in 1876 when he was just 29 years old. Soon after, he formed the Bell Telephone Company. Bell could have easily been content with the success of his invention. His many laboratory notebooks demonstrate, however, that he was driven by a genuine and rare intellectual curiosity that kept him regularly searching, striving, and always wanting to learn more and to create.   He would continue to test out new ideas throughout a long and productive life. This included exploring the realm of communications as well as engaging in a wide variety of scientific pursuits that involved kites, airplanes, tetrahedral structures, sheep-breeding, artificial respiration, desalinization, water distillation, and even hydrofoils. Fast Facts: Alexander Graham Bell Known For: Inventing the telephoneBorn: March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, ScotlandParents: Alexander Melville Bell, Eliza Grace Symonds BellDied: August 2, 1922 in  Nova Scotia, CanadaEducation: University of Edinburgh (1864), University College London (1868)Publications: A founding member of the  National Geographic Society, he helped launce Science magazineAwards and Honors: Albert Medal (1902), John Fritz Medal (1907), Elliott Cresson Medal (1912)Spouse: Mabel Hubbard  (m.  1877–1922)Children: Elsie May, Marian Hubbard, Edward, RobertNotable Quote: The inventor looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world; he is haunted by an idea. The spirit of invention possesses him, seeking materialization. Early Life Bell was born on March 3, 1847, to Alexander Melville and Eliza Symonds  in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was immersed in the study of sound from the beginning. His father, uncle, and grandfather were authorities on elocution and speech therapy for the deaf. It was understood that Bell would follow in the family footsteps after finishing college. However, after Bells two other brothers died of tuberculosis, Bell and his parents decided to immigrate to Canada in 1870. After a brief period living in Ontario, the Bells moved to Boston, where they established speech-therapy practices specializing in teaching deaf children to speak. One of Alexander Graham Bells pupils was a young Helen Keller, who when they met was not only blind and deaf but also unable to speak. In 1872, Bell met Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who would become one of his financial backers and his father-in-law. Bell began to court Hubbards daughter, Mabel, in 1873. They married in 1877. From Telegraph to Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Bells success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When he began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bells extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, no one had been able to fabricate one- until Bell. His harmonic telegraph was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Talk With Electricity By October 1874, Bells research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard, who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose services he had enlisted, were also developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers, Bell secretly met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bells ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henrys positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875, the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success, they needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. Mr. Watson, Come Here On June 2, 1875, while experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, Bell and Watson discovered that sound could be transmitted over a wire. It was a completely accidental discovery. Watson was trying to loosen a reed that had been wound around a transmitter when he plucked it by accident. The vibration produced by that gesture traveled along the wire into a second device in the other room where Bell was working. The twang Bell heard was all the inspiration that he and Watson needed to accelerate their work. They continued to work into the next year. Bell recounted the critical moment in his journal:   I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: Mr. Watson, come here- I want to see you. To my delight, he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. Other Inventions Alexander Graham Bells curiosity also led him to speculate on the nature of heredity, initially among the deaf and later with sheep born with genetic mutations. He conducted sheep-breeding experiments at his estate to see if he can increase the numbers of twin and triplet births.   In other instances, it drove him to try to come up with novel solutions on the spot whenever problems arose. In 1881, he hastily constructed a metal detector as a way to try and locate a bullet lodged in President James Garfield after an assassination attempt. He would later improve this and produced a device called a telephone probe, which would make a telephone receiver click when it touched metal. And when Bells newborn son, Edward, died from respiratory problems, he responded by designing a metal vacuum jacket that would facilitate breathing. The apparatus was a forerunner of the iron lung used in the 1950s to aid polio victims. Other ideas he dabbled in included inventing the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems and conducting experiments with what today are called energy recycling and alternative fuels. Bell also worked on methods of removing salt from seawater. Flight Technology These interests may be considered minor activities compared to the time and effort he put into making advances in flight technology. By the 1890s, Bell had begun experimenting with propellers and kites, which led him to apply the concept of the tetrahedron (a solid figure with four triangular faces) to kite design as well as to create a new form of architecture.   In 1907, four years after the Wright Brothers first flew at Kitty Hawk, Bell formed the Aerial Experiment Association with Glenn Curtiss, William Casey Baldwin, Thomas Selfridge, and J.A.D. McCurdy, four young engineers with the common goal of creating airborne vehicles. By 1909, the group had produced four powered aircraft, the best of which, the Silver Dart, made a successful powered flight in Canada on February 23, 1909. Later Years and Death Bell spent the last decade of his life improving hydrofoil designs. In 1919, he and Casey Baldwin built a hydrofoil that set a world water-speed record that was not broken until 1963. Months before he died, Bell told a reporter, There cannot be mental atrophy in any person who continues to observe, to remember what he observes, and to seek answers for his unceasing hows and whys about things. Bell died on Aug. 2, 1922,  at his estate in Nova Scotia, Canada. Other Works and Legacy Although working with the deaf would remain Bells principal source of income, he continued to pursue his own studies of sound throughout his life. Bells unceasing scientific curiosity led to the  invention of the photophone, a device that allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. Despite being known for his invention of the telephone, Bell regarded the photophone as the greatest invention I have ever made; greater than the telephone. The invention set the foundation upon which todays laser and fiber optic communication systems are founded, though it would take the development of several modern technologies to fully capitalize on this breakthrough. With the enormous technical and financial success of his telephone invention, Bells future was secure enough so that he could devote himself to other scientific interests. For example, in 1881, he used the $10,000 award for winning Frances Volta Prize to set up the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C. A believer in scientific teamwork, Bell worked with two associates: his cousin Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter, at the Volta Laboratory. Their experiments produced such major improvements in Thomas Edisons phonograph that it became commercially viable. After his first visit to Nova Scotia in 1885, Bell set up another laboratory there at his estate Beinn Bhreagh (pronounced Ben Vreeah), near Baddeck, where he would assemble other teams of bright young engineers to pursue new and exciting ideas heading into the future. Sources Vanderbilt, Tom. â€Å"A Brief History of the Telephone, From Alexander Graham Bell to the iPhone.†Ã‚  Slate Magazine, Slate, 15 May 2012.â€Å"The History of the Telephone.†Ã‚  Google Books.infoundiscoveredscotland.co.uk, Undiscovered Scotland: â€Å"Undiscovered Scotland: Alexander Graham Bell.†Ã‚  Scotfax: Religion in Scotland on Undiscovered Scotland.A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875: The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Charles Magnus.

The role of the CLI in modern computing operating systems Essay

The role of the CLI in modern computing operating systems - Essay Example A CLI comes with a command line interpreter that interprets the command and implements it. The command line interpreter might be running in a text terminal or in a terminal emulator windows as a remote shell. Once the command finishes execution, the output of that command might be in the form of a text displayed on the interface itself (MSCOM, 2007). The concept of CLI emerged when teletypewriter machines used to connected to computers in 1950s, and gave results on the demand as compared to other technologies such as batch based punched card inputs used during those times. After the success of the initial CLIs, next came the CRT based terminals that had the capability of interacting faster, they could display more information, and the development kept on going. Currently, the personal computers of today have all three forms of processing, i.e. batch processing, GUI and CLI. CLIs are complex, and most non-computer people prefer not to use it. This is why, it is often assumed that CLIs have become extinct and they are no longer used. However, it is not the case as CLIs continue to grow alongside the GUIs provided by Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. Several application also utilize the CLI and mix it with GUI to achieve better results. An example of such application software is MATLAB, and AutoCAD. Besides being embedded with different applications, all the operating systems implemented on the routers, switches, etc. for networking have CLI based operating systems. The application of CLI is when we have a large number of commands or queries available along with different options and we can give those commands faster than we can using a GUI. The command shells of various operating systems that come with Windows, Linux, Mac Os, etc. work on similar base. Some programming languages such as BASIC, Python, Forth, LISP, etc all provide a modified interactive version of command line interface. Another major application of CLI is its use in engineering and

Population environment debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Population environment debate - Essay Example Several researchers and theorists believe that the resources provided by the natural environment are decreasing and measures need to take place to counter the constant increase in population. Julian Lincoln Simon is against this notion and believes that resources are not becoming scarce and are being generated in abundance (Simon 578) . She believes that the increase in prices of resources provides individuals such as farmers and manufacturers to produce more and to create new discoveries and participate in the act of recycling which results in the creation of substitute goods. This means that resources are not becoming scarce; instead they are being replaced with substitutes which counter the issue of shortage created due to increase in population. Researchers such as Ben Wattenberg state that population growth has negatively impacted the environment but now the growth rate is declining and will eventually come to an end (Wattenberg, 2012). Due to this he believes that the problem of shortage of environmental resources will be countered and there will be enough resources for human beings. According to him the population growth of certain developed nations such as Europe has come to a stand still and the population growth of areas such as Asian nations have declined drastically. In response to Wattenberg, Kenneth Hill states that although population growth rate has declined, still the boom in population is not over and will continue to rise (Slate Magazine, 2012). Hill points out various issues in calculating the population rate and points out that several people are not even counted among the population of a nation. Hill sates that problems such as increase in rate of immigration and decrease in the rate of infant mortality an d increase in the number of old aged people is an alarming point for US. One of the major elements in the debate of population and environment is that those

Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategy Essay From the table above it is evident that the decline of the economy segment has had little impact on Hein and Mann because their main target market entails exclusive and export markets. The score of 18 shows that there has been a huge impact of the competitor marketing campaigns to increase awareness on middle section segment of Hein and Mann, hence there have limited target market and are not able to reach a wider potential target market. The weight of 18 has a negative impact on Hein and Mann as there are losing their main target customers who purchase exclusive furniture, such as executives and professionals who are being retrenched and leaving South Africa. The score of 32% shows that Hein and Mann have shown growth in export business and expansion of their product range in the UK would competitive advantage in the market. Slow service delivery score 32 which means that Hein and Mann has faced low turnover of customers as most of them are considering using other suppliers who deliver on time promised and offer discounts. The score of 28 shows, that customer relationship with customers is important. However Hein and Mann do not show empathy towards customers. This in turn results in low turnover of customers. 2. Industry analysis of Hein and Mann Threat of new entrants There are many barriers that include high entry costs, in this case new entries in the furniture business would not succeed because heavy investment is required in marketing and purchasing equipment. This is an advantage for Hein and Mann as there have a guaranteed higher position in the industry. This is so because there have been operating in the industry for a long time and have vast experience, equipment, loyal customers and clients are aware of them in the market place. Hence the extent to which barriers to entry exist, the more difficult it is for other furniture firms to enter the market, therefore, Hein and Mann can make relatively high profits. Bargaining power of suppliers Hein and Mann as suppliers produce exclusive and quality pine furniture, this in turn makes them acquire a distinctive image in the industry. It could be difficult for dealers to switch to other suppliers in the industry because of the loyalty of customers to Hein and Mann furniture, therefore Hein and Mann would make profit because there are few alternatives of furniture firms that dealers would switch to. Competitive Intensity or rivalry Hein and Mann is faced with rivalry as there is increase of competition between existing firms, this proves to be a challenge to generate high profit because companies such as Furniture City and Beares are opting to switch to other suppliers that provide discounts and value customer relationships. Threats from substitute of buyers Hein and Mann customers, such as beares and Furniture City have shown the ease with which they can switch to another supplies of furniture. This is so because customers perceive other alternatives to be similar to Hein and Mann furniture. The furniture industry for Hein and Mann is attractive, as there have experience in the industry and understand the market in which there are operating in. 3. Market Orientation Market orientation is defined as is an organisational culture dedicated to delivering superior customer value, that is concentrating on designing and selling products that satisfy customer needs in order to be profitable, (Gronroos, 2010). In relation to the case study on Hein and Mann, it is evident that there do not value customers as there show no empathy and provide slow services and do not consider to implement new strategies such as offering discounts such as their competitors. However the products that they design are of high quality which shows that they sell products that satisfy their target markets. Advantages of market orientation * According to Wang amp; Ahmed (2009) an organisation that is market oriented has improved market-sensing capabilities and thus improved market responsiveness, particularly in more hostile and unpredictable environments. * An organisation through market research will have a strong understanding of the needs of the customer and this would reduce product failure as new products have a greater chance of gaining success in the market, (Modi amp; Mishra, 2010). An organisation that is market oriented is flexible to changes in the environment as it enables to adapt and adjust successfully, (Wang amp;Ahmed, 2009). Disadvantages of market orientation * For an organisation to be market oriented it is highly expensive. As extensive market research, to understand the market need to be conducted, (Gronroos, 2010). * An organisation has to constantly change internally as needs of the market are met. * Risk of underestimating the market and the consumer can be a re sult of market orientation, which might led to product failure.

Living On Oak Road :: essays research papers

Living on Oak Road When I think of the sounds, sights, and smells of my house on Oak Road I get homesick. It makes me want to go back to the familiar area. My family and I moved here when I was just one year old. It was a small country town with only one store on the corner with clean air and very few cars on the road. We never had any worries as we walked to the corner store. The town always seemed very quiet and undisturbed. As times have changed and I am now eighteen years old, the small country town has been taken over. It has become a small city. Now fast food chains, hardware stores, drugstores, and small shopping centers, have buried the small country store six feet under. The air is no longer clean because of the hundreds and thousands of cars driving down Oak Road everyday. Another big change in the old country town is the noise. In the old days, you could walk outside and hear all the different sounds of the birds and or animals. You may even hear other children playing on their junglegyms. Every once in a while you could hear a few cars going by, where as in the present you will hear a few hundred cars in a few hours. Also you will hear the sounds of construction that seems to be happening everyday. You will also often hear the sounds of police and fire sirens racing down the road. You will also find that the smells often differ. On a Saturday afternoon you can walk outside and smell the fresh sent of cut grass, or just the smell of a hot summer day. By going up to the town car wash you can smell the strong sent of soap. But on other days there will be an awful stench in the air. The stench coming from burning leaves, busted sewer pipes, or just piled up trash. Even though the area may not be the best for

LL Bean Essay

1. How significant (quantitatively) of a problem is the mismatch between supply and demand for LL Bean? As per the historical series and its associated statistical description (see graph below), we can observe that there is a significant spread between the A/F ratios sine the standard deviation equals 1/3 of the mean. Besides in cases, there is mismatch beyond 50% between the forecast and the actual demand. Besides the mean value shows that there is a 9% bias meaning that on average the actual is always 9% above the forecast. It should be noticed as well that there distribution is skewed to the left with higher values meaning that there is a 100% underestimation for certain items. 2. Use the provided Excel file that contains demand and forecast data for a collection of items. Suppose those are the data LL Bean will use to plan their next season. Consider an item that retails for $45 dollars and costs LL Bean $25. The liquidation price for this item will be $15. The sales forecast for this item is 12,000. What order quantity would LL Bean choose for this item? Based on the Cu/(Co+Cu) ratio that equals 20/(10+20) =0,667 and the A/F distribution, we end-up with a probability of 0,676 given the round up rule. Hence LL Bean should order 12 000 * 1,179975 = 14160 items to maximize its profit. (We used the distribution derived from the data rather than the normal distribution with the same mean and standard deviation. Indeed despite the important gaps between the different percentiles of the real distribution, we reject the hypothesis that the distribution is normal at a 5% level as per the Anderson Darling test result with p-value= 3%). 3. Assuming LL Bean manages to derive the correct forecast, what do you think about their ordering process? (You may wish to begin with Mark Fasold’s concerns at the end of the case. Also, think about Rol Fessenden’s concern about estimating contribution margin and liquidation costs). †¢ If the contribution margin and liquidations costs are wrongly assessed this has a direct consequence on the commitment order size as per the newsvendor model methods (cf. the Cu/(Co+Cu) ratio). †¢ There is a grey area in the case to know how LL Bean really assesses the number of actual for products generating a demand higher than the forecast. An overestimation of lost sales can create a bias loop since it will impact the next year order commitment by generating mechanically higher commitment orders. As per the mean (8% above 1) and the distribution that is skewed to the left, it could be inferred that there is a systematic overestimation of lost sales which may explain that there are not different common pattern across items and buyers. †¢ We can’t suggest any bias due to outlier since they mention that there have not found any specific pattern. †¢ The split between â€Å"new† and â€Å"never out† for the historical errors makes sense since both nature of articles share a common property. †¢ We recommend making use of the phone calls and orders through all selling channel to build more robust analytical data and reduce the potential bias of data used to build the A/F distribution. 4. What do you think about LL Bean’s forecasting process? Is that the best that they can do? Problems †¢ It seems unreliable and not data driven as per the use of rules of thumb and use of consensus that may reduce the weight of the expert. †¢ Forecast reconciliation issue with the bottom up (items by items) and the top down (catalog) approach forecast approach. †¢ A lot of the forecast relies on the inaccurate slash at the end of the process. †¢ Aggregation of demand for item common to different catalogs seems unclear and prone to error, there may be an overestimation of the demand forecast by double counting the expected sales (cf. catalog arriving to same customer that are considered the best i.e. buying the most). †¢ Issues with the impact of new products and cannibalization †¢ Differences observed between the aggregation Suggestions †¢ More frequent interactions between bottom up and top down approach to avoid or at least reduce the slash of the end. Such interactions could be achieved through the so-called â€Å"W† approach that implies meeting points at different levels over the process. †¢ For items common to several catalogs, consider a customer approach instead of a catalog approach to avoid counting several times the expected purchase of one customer receiving several catalogs. †¢ We recommend making use of the phone calls and orders through all selling channel to build more robust analytical data in order to improve the forecasting process. †¢ Try to find alternate sources of supply to reduce the current lead time of 9 months and allow finalizing the forecasting process closer to the sales time.

An Analysis Of Communication Disorders Education Essay

The manner we communicate is an of import facet throughout all of our lives. It can state a batch about who we are, our position, and instruction. Not everyone communicates in the same manner as others. Some people have lacks such as autism or damage that decelerate down communicating development. Although these upsets are good known our society has non made it a precedence to do the survey of Communications a chief focal point of survey until college. Under-developed communicating can impact the person ‘s household and hereafter if it is non taken attention of. Using my assortment of beginnings I intend to turn to these issues and solutions to assist educate coevalss to come to raise consciousness and emphasize the importance of communicating. This reappraisal will get down with understanding why communicating and the ability to hold skill in public-speaking are of import. It will so go on throughout to explicate different types of linguistic communication upsets through a kid ‘s development and terminal with household version. â€Å" The Importance of Communication and Public-Speaking Skills † written by Leo F. Parvis emphasizes the importance of Communication. He names the different definitions of communicating and Aristotle ‘s five elements. Isabelle Rapin and Lorna Wing ‘s book Preschool Children with Inadequate Communication: Developmental Language Disorder, Autism, Low IQ, discusses the categorization of different communicating upsets and autism along with the struggles that follow them. In add-on they besides go into item about the historical information of communicating lacks and autism. Rhea Paul PHD wrote the book â€Å" Language Disorders: Through Infancy and Adolescence. In the beginni ng of the book she talks about how no 1 can truly specify what a Language Disorder is. She than takes the clip to pick apart her ain definition of a Language Disorder. Following she talks about the different manner to name person with holding a lack while giving suggestion on how to get by. Marie M. Bristol wrote the diary â€Å" Mothers of Children with Autism or Communication Disorders: Successful Adaptation and the Double ABCX Model † based off of a survey that demonstrates the badness of communicating upsets and the consequence on the households. It consists of the badness, matrimonial version, emphasis on the household, and how they handle the situation.A In â€Å" The Importance of Communication and Public-Speaking Skills † Leo F. Parvis believes schools have n't been persevering plenty in stressing the importance for communicating. He defines the word â€Å" communicating † is a assortment of ways some being ; the province of being connected, the look of oneself that is readily and clearly understood, and the transferring of intending between persons. He states, â€Å" Communication, a complex procedure, is non an easy accomplishment to hone. However, it is the most important accomplishment in human life † ( 1 ) . In early 1999, the Chronicle of Higher Education discussed the issue that schools have lost the importance of learning the art of communicating. Parvis writes â€Å" The argument went on for several hebdomads, and the bulk of participants who were experts in communicating surveies believed that in recent old ages, establishments of higher acquisition have paid less attending to talking accomplishments than in the yesteryear † ( 1 ) . We use communicating in our mundane lives and it has become a major factor for our hereafters. If the instruction system does non understand the importance, it will finally go a dying field. Without this field we will non seek the demand to widen our vocabulary and could take to major miscommunications. This may non look like a immense hazard, but imagine holding a miscommunication between states that could take to an unneeded war. â€Å" We need to advance this accomplishment among our co-workers and carry more environmental wellness professionals to actively take part in events and assemblages, acquire acquainted with the thought of engagement, be willing to portion their ideas, and contribute in any manner possible † ( Parvis, 1 ) . Parvis names the five factors of Public-Speaking derived from Aristotle: the talker, the message, the audience, the juncture, and the consequence. â€Å" By building this list, Aristotle, was reding talkers to build addresss for different audiences, on different occasions, for different effects † ( Parvis, 2 ) . One of the most of import facets of communicating that Parivs negotiations about is listening. To listen agencies to be able to grok, larn, and finally repeat by using to our ain addresss in the hereafter. If we can get the hang all of these countries of communicating we will be ready to take on any challenge that comes our manner. To understand linguistic communication upsets we need to specify what one is. Rhea Paul is the writer of Language Disorders: Through Infancy and Adolescence. The get downing she states that no 1 can truly specify what a Language Disorder is. After speaking about her linguistic communication seminar category that she had taken as a alumnus pupil she says non even her instructor had a clear definition of what a linguistic communication upset was. She says, â€Å" A You mayA be surprised to larn that specifying kids ‘s linguistic communication upsets is non a simple affair or even one about which everyone in the field agrees † ( 3 ) . She so gave her ain personal definition of what a linguistic communication upset was â€Å" kids can be described as holding linguistic communication upsets if they have a important shortage in larning to speak, under-stand, or utilize any facet of linguistic communication suitably, comparative toA both environmental and norm-referenced outlo oks forA kids of similar developmental degree † ( 97 ) . The definition is really obscure and leaves room for oppugning. It does turn out, nevertheless, if a linguistic communication upset is difficult to specify, it must be even harder to name, and so dainty. Communication shortages are one of the most common grounds that affect mental development. Paul following takes a survey from Darley ( 1991 ) to show how an person would be diagnosed with a lack. The survey is divided into two phases called: assessment and diagnosing. The appraisal procedure consists of past clinical informations along with questionnaires provided by the parents and an scrutiny of the person. The diagnosing is the term used when sorting the issue and labeling it. An assessment procedure that makes these two phases less distinguishable is called the descriptive-developmental attack. â€Å" The end of this attack is to make up one's mind whether the kid has a important shortage inA communicating and to depict that shortage, if identified, A in every bit much item as possible, comparative to the normal sequence of linguistic communication acquisition † ( Paul, 21 ) . This attack focuses less on the â€Å" label † and more on the description which is why it is non chiefly used. In other words, it is more concerned with how the single communicates instead than naming them with a type of upset. Paul believes it is the moral responsibility of address diagnosticians to better and forestall linguistic communication upsets: â€Å" Why should bar be our concern? Are we non languageA diagnosticians, people who diagnose and treat disordersA of linguistic communication acquisition? Is n't remediation our concern? Certainly it is † ( Paul, 97 ) . We tend to disregard the countries of rehabilitation and bar because of the costs that it would imply and the emotional hurt that it would put on the household ‘s shoulders. Paul estimated the cost values for different types of upsets and the particular necessities that would be indispensable. A kid with mental deceleration would necessitate particular instruction plans that could be up to $ 13,000 dollars a twelvemonth, and if they need residential intervention it could be closer to $ 25,000. â€Å" In 1984, the AmericanA Speech-Language and Hearing Association ( ASHA ) estimated that forestalling even one instance of mental retardationA can ensue in long-run nest eggs of more than $ 1 million, A and the figure would be even higher today † ( Paul, 97 ) . Money, as you see, has become a factor in turn toing the issue of linguistic communication upsets. In 1990, the Department of Health and Human Services made ends to assist raise consciousness and cut down hazards because they excessively, believe like Rhea Paul, that we have an duty to assist forestall these upsets and acquire the needed attention for them. Isabelle Rapin and Lorna Wing ‘s book Preschool Children with Inadequate Communication: Developmental Language Disorder, Autism, Low IQ explains the difference between Autism and Asperger ‘s. The two upsets have related characteristics such as: damages in mutual interactions, and stereotyped involvements in activities. Asperger ‘s will non be diagnosed if the person has delayed linguistic communication and cognitive development. Cognitive development trades with concentrating on a kid ‘s development in footings of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual accomplishment, linguistic communication acquisition, and other facets of encephalon development. The book presents several surveies that represent the job of specific diagnosing with kids who do non pass on efficaciously. The survey is intended to demo the different types of trials that encephalon imagination, EEGs, and chromosome and chemical trials infrequently provide an reply for. Determining whether or non a kid at such a immature age has autism is really hard so the survey separated â€Å" normal † kids with no diagnosings in any type of communicating lack and those who showed autistic characteristics and under-developed communicating. Rapin and Wing believe it is more effectual to detect the manner a kid interacts and plays instead than giving a series of trials. â€Å" Careful attending to the kid ‘s linguistic communication and behaviour, ability to play creatively, and analysis of neuropsychological trials and linguistic communication are much more enlightening for geting at a right diagnosing † ( Rapin Wing, 1 ) . Along with observation they split a sum of 556 kids up into five different groups, and collected historical informations. They studied past households members who may hold had any type of linguistic communication upsets. Of the kids that were examined 201 specifically had Developmental Language Disorder ( DLD ) . In Bristol ‘s diary â€Å" Mothers of Children with Autism or Communication Disorders: Successful Adaptation and the Double ABCX Model † she talks of a survey that demonstrates the badness of communicating upsets and the consequence on the households. It looked into 45 different households with person who was autistic and or consisted of a communicating -impaired kid. It consists of the badness, matrimonial version, emphasis on the household, and how they cope. The ABCX Formula was founded in 1958 by Reuben Hill. The ABCX Formula focuses chiefly on variables covering with households different interactions: A ( the crisis-precipitating event/stressor ) B ( the household ‘s crisis-meeting resources ) C ( the definition the household makes of the event ) produces X ( the crisis ) . Families with a kid with damage have caused great attending because there tends to be more emphasis on those specific households. They have a higher rate of divorce and money issues particularly when a kid must be institutionalized ( even though it has declined ) . â€Å" Even really recent surveies ( DeMyer & A ; Goldberg, 1983 ) indicate that tierce of a treated group of autistic kids were in residential arrangement before age 14 and two-thirds in residential arrangement after that age † ( Bristol, 470 ) . Recently, there have been surveies stating that there are many cases when households have had successful versions. The survey was to foretell households working at high emphasis and their ability to get by with the part of autism or terrible communicating upsets. The survey had four hypotheses: foremost that the survey would demo overall healthy version to the terrible autism or communicating upset ; 2nd predicted more equal header forms ; 3rd predicted that the household would self-blame, hold declinations, and finally coiling downward from all the household stresses added to the kid with autism or communicating upset ; and the 4th was that all the emphasiss would pile-up and go more of the issue instead the disability itself. The participants in the survey were classified into five societal categories. Twenty-four fell into three lower categories and 21 fell into two higher categories. In this survey the stressor, or A theoretical account was the handicapped kid. â€Å" Limits on Family Opportunity, was used to measure the extent to which the household had to go through up educational, vocational, or other self-development chances because of the kid † ( Bristol, 474 ) . The consequences of the first hypothesis showed that kids with more terrible disability resulted in less matrimonial jobs. In the 2nd hypothesis the anticipation was right in stating it would hold positive parenting, but incorrect in stating that it would hold greater household coherence. On the contrary, the household coherence showed the same for all the hypotheses that greater household coherence came from negative household adaptation instead than healthy. The 3rd hypothesis showed that household with more outside emphasis were less happy in their matrimonies and did non get by every bit good with their disability kid. The badness of the disability did non play a major function in the consequences, these female parents viewed holding a kid with a disability as one of the worst things that could happy to a household. Hypothesis four showed what it had predicted ; all the other stressors would be a major factor instead than the badness of the kid ‘s disability. The survey hel ps demo all the factors that a household would travel through on top of holding a disability kid and that some households can non get by. Although the beginnings are slackly linked, each shows a different position on Communication upsets. Whether we have a upset or non we all need to pass on in some manner to be able to last mundane life. We need to set more focal point on honing our ain address and being more thankful for the field itself. We should besides larn more about the different types of upsets and do it a precedence to larn how to accommodate to the upsets in instance we may go face-to-face with one in our hereafter. A Communications Major is criticized for being an â€Å" easy manner out † when in world we have the chance to prosecute in surveies like the 1s above. Others may non recognize that they excessively have been prosecuting a communicating country of expertness, but when you are analyzing to be a particular instruction instructor, you are larning to pass on with a kid with a disablement. When you are analyzing to be a Forensic Scientist you are larning to compose labs to be able to pass on in formation scientifically for other scientists to understand. We need communicating, if we can non accommodate now we will hold more of a job if our line of work leads us there or if one our kids are stricken with such a destiny. We overlook these upsets because we are all still in the province of head that it could ne'er go on to us, until it does.

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle In May 2014,  two new climate change studies  were published, showing that the catastrophic collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is underway, and has been for over two decades. The melting of this sheet is significant because it acts as a linchpin for other glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica that will, in turn, melt over time. Ultimately, the melting of the south polar ice cap will raise sea levels globally by as much as ten to thirteen feet, adding on to the sixty-nine  feet of sea level rise that scientists have already attributed to human activity.  A 2014 report by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned  that we are underprepared for extreme climate events, as has been demonstrated by deadly heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires. Yet, there is a troubling gap between the serious reality depicted by climate change science and the level of concern among the U.S. public. An April 2014 Gallup Poll  found that, while most U.S. adults view climate change as a problem, only 14 percent believe that the implications of climate change have reached a â€Å"crisis† level. A full third of the population believe that climate change is not a problem at all. Sociologist Riley Dunlap, who conducted the poll, also found that self-identified political liberals and moderates are far more concerned about the impacts of climate change than are conservatives. But, regardless of political inclinations, worry and action are two different things. Across the U.S., meaningful action in response to this harsh reality is scant. Research shows clearly that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmospherenow at an unprecedented 401.57  parts per millionis a direct result of the process of capitalist industrialization that has unfolded since the late 18th century. Climate change is a direct consequence of the widespread, now globalized, mass production and consumption of goods, and of the material construction of our habitat that has accompanied it. Yet, despite this reality, production and construction continue unabated. How Consumerism Shapes Our Impact on the Climate Its hard to accept that things need to change. As people who live in a society of consumers, who are steeped in consumerist way of life, we are socially, culturally, economically, and psychologically invested in this system. Our everyday life experiences, our relationships with friends and loved ones, our practices of leisure and amusement, and our personal goals and identities are all organized around practices of consumption. Many of us  measure our self-worth by how much money we make, and by the quantity, quality, and newness of stuff we are able to buy. Most of us, even if we are critically aware of the implications of production, consumption, and waste, can’t help but want more. We are inundated with advertising so clever that it now follows us around the internet and pushes notifications of sales to our smartphones while we shop. We are socialized to consume, and so, when it comes down to it, we don’t really want to respond to climate change. According to the Gallup poll, most of us are willing to acknowledge that it is a problem that must be addressed, but it seems that we expect someone else to do that work. Sure, some of us have made lifestyle adjustments, but how many of us are involved in forms of collective action and activism that work productively toward  social, political, and economic change? Most of us tell ourselves that achieving large-scale, long-term change is the work of the government or corporations, but not us. What Fighting Climate Change Really Means If we believed that a systemic response to climate change was an equally shared responsibility, was our responsibility, we would be responding to it. We would cast aside the mostly symbolic responses, given their marginal impact, of recycling, banning plastic shopping bags, swapping incandescent for halogen lightbulbs, purchasing â€Å"sustainable† and â€Å"green† consumer goods, and driving less. We would recognize that the solution to the dangers of global climate change cannot be found within the very system that has caused the problem. We would, instead, recognize that the system of capitalist production and consumption is the problem. We would renounce the values of this system, and foster new values oriented to sustainable living. Until we do that, we’re all climate change deniers. We may recognize that it exists, but most of us are not protesting in the streets. We might have made some modest adjustments to it, but we’re not giving up our consumer lifestyle. Most of us are in stark denial of our complicity in the changing climate. We are in denial of our responsibility to facilitate the necessary social, cultural, economic, and political changes that could begin to stem the tide of catastrophe. However, meaningful change is possible, but it will only happen if we make it so. To learn about how sociologists are addressing  climate change, read this report from the American Sociological Associations Task Force on Climate Change.

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students There is a small but important difference between planning a persuasive speech and writing a persuasive essay. First, if you are planning a persuasive speech, you should think about a topic that can engage your audience. For this reason, you may want to consider a few topics before settling on the one that allows you to be more descriptive and entertaining. Another important factor when picking a persuasive speech topic is to choose one that can provoke your audience. If you stir up a little emotion in your audience members, youll keep their attention. The list below is provided to help you brainstorm. Choose a topic from this list or use the list to generate an idea of your own. Studying martial arts is good for mind and health.Competitive sports can teach us about life.Reality shows are exploiting people.Community service should be required for teens.These qualities make a hero.Its important to grow things in a garden.Violent video games are dangerous.Lyrics in a song can impact our lives.Traveling and studying abroad is positive.Journal writing is therapeutic.You should spend time with grandparents.The laptop is better than the tablet.Religion and science can go hand in hand.School uniforms are good.All-girl colleges and all-boy colleges are bad.Multiple choice tests are better than essay tests.We should not spend money on space exploration.Open-book tests are as effective as closed-book tests.Security cameras keep us safer.Parents should have access to students grades.Small classes are better than big classes.You need to start saving for retirement now.Credit cards are harmful to college students.We should have a royal family.We should protect endangered animals. Texting while driving should be illegal.You can write a novel.You can go to your college of choice.State colleges are better than private colleges.Private colleges are better than state colleges.We should do away with penny coins.Fast food containers hurt the environment.Plastic straws hurt the environment.You can eat and enjoy healthy snacks.You can become a millionaire.Dogs are better pets than cats.You should own a bird.Its unethical to keep birds in cages.Liberal arts degrees prepare better workers.Hunting animals should be banned.Football is dangerous.School days should start later.Night school is better than day school.Technical training is better than a college degree.Immigration laws should be more lenient.Students should be able to pick their schools.Everyone should learn to play a musical instrument.Grass lawns should be prohibited.Sharks should be protected.We should do away with cars and go back to horse and carriage for transportation.We should use more wind power.We sho uld pay more taxes. We should do away with taxes.Teachers should be tested like students.We should not interfere in the affairs of other countries.Every student should join a club.Homeschooling is better than traditional schooling.People should stay married for life.Smoking in public should be illegal.Students should live on campus.Parents should let students fail.Giving is good.Education makes us happier people.T​he  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹death penalty is good for society.Bigfoot is real.We should increase train travel to save the environment.We should read more classic books.Fame is bad for children.Athletes should stay loyal to teams.We should reform our prisons.Juvenile offenders should not go to boot camps.Abraham Lincoln was the best president.Abraham Lincoln gets too much credit.Students should be allowed to have cell phones in elementary, middle, and high school.College student-athletes should be paid for playing.Elderly citizens on fixed incomes should receive free bus rides.Colleges and universitie s should be free to attend. All American citizens should complete one year of community service.Students should be required to take Spanish classes.Every student should be required to learn at least one foreign language.Marijuana should be legal for recreational use nationwide.Commercial testing of products on animals should no longer be allowed.Felons who have served their time in prison should be allowed to vote once they are free.The drinking age should be bumped up past 21.Replacing fossil fuels with cheaper alternative energy options should be mandated.Churches need to contribute their share of taxes.The Cuba embargo should be maintained by the U.S.America should replace income taxes with a nationwide flat tax.The Bowl Championship Series, also known as the BCS, should be replaced with a true college football playoff system.Doctor-assisted suicide should be legal.Spammers- people who bombard the internet with unsolicited email- should be banned from sending their junk mail.Every automobile driver should be required to take a new drivers test every three years. Electroshock treatment is not a humane form of therapy.Global warming is not real.Single-parent adoption should be encouraged and promoted.Gun companies should be held accountable for gun crimes.Human cloning is not moral.Religion does not belong in public education.Juveniles should not be tried as adults. American workers should be guaranteed a three-day weekend by law.

Top Ten Sustainability Initiatives Of General Motors Essay - 3

Top Ten Sustainability Initiatives Of General Motors - Essay Example Toyota Motor is one of that company that is extensively engaged in environmental sustainability and green initiatives. The company is the world’s largest automotive manufacturer, and manufactures, and designs a diverse product line that ranges from sports and luxury vehicles to minivans, trucks, cars, and buses. The subsidiaries of the company also manufacturer vehicles: Hino Motors manufactures buses and trucks while Daihatsu Motor manufactures mini vehicles. The company produces automotive parts for its own as well as for sale to others. The popular brand of the company includes Corolla, Land Cruiser, Camry, Lexus line and Tundra Trucks. Environmental Scanning A company is compelled to adopt the strategy that is being implemented by its competitors. Toyota Motors has three major competitors. Ford Motors General Motors Honda Motors Green Initiatives of Ford Motors On April 22, for the recognition of Earth Day, Ford Motors developed a list of top ten latest green initiatives t aken by the company. The global sustainability strategy of the company includes an emphasis on the development of environmentally friendly technologies for the production of vehicles. Some of them include diesel, hybrids, advanced engine and transmission, bio-diesels, fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, E85 Ethanol, and hydrogen internal combustion engines. Moreover, the company is commencing sustainability efforts across the entire organization in material, facilities management, and manufacturing. The commitment of the company in green vehicle technologies will lead to improved fuel economy and reduced emission of CO 2. Other green initiatives will assist in reducing the environmental impact through the reduction in pollution and conservation of energy, along with saving the customers money (Noria Corporation). Top ten green initiatives taken by Ford Company are mentioned subsequently. 1. Ford is considered the leader in better performing fuel-efficient 6-speed transmission

History 82 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History 82 - Essay Example 1. The American Indians were passive to the European attack in the beginning as they did not expect the new comers to be rivals. They believed the new people came in search of friendship and were superior to them. 2. The American Indians had ideals much different from the Europeans. They believed in sharing since they had abundance of everything. They did not see any reason to fight. They wondered why the Europeans mercilessly slaughtered the natives when there was so much available for everybody to share. Columbus rightly judged they would fall without resistance if they were attacked initially as they were very unsuspecting. 3. Once the word regarding the Spanish massacres started to spread, the American Indians started to fight against the new comers. But, they were not able to withstand the mighty armies of the Europeans and soon succumbed to them. Protests continued over centuries making the Europeans hate the Indians to the core. 4. African Americans were bought into the pictur e to work in the abducted Indian lands. What was kept common for all was made a particular communities properties and a new community which neither owned the land nor belonged to the nation was forcibly migrated there to work as slaves making their situation very vulnerable. The situation lasted for many centuries. 5. The African Americans accepted their plight due their vulnerable situation for the first few years. They started to voice their concerns in the form of rebellions and strikes after a few decades. 6. Cultural genocide was unleashed on the African Indians with the sole aim of eliminating their pride. Their children and land were abducted, families split and forced to live a secondary life in the name of civilizing them. Forced religious transformations were done to exterminate the Indians and make them follow only the European culture. The African Americans had great persistence through which they safeguarded their culture and spirituality. â€Å"Arawak men and women, n aked, tawny, and full of wonder, emerged from their villages onto the island's beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange big boat. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts.† (Howard Zinn, 1) â€Å"The Indians, Columbus reported, "are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone...." (Howard Zinn, 5) â€Å"When a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts (horses), clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god who had died three hundred years before, with the promise to return-the mysterious Quetzalcoatl. And so they welcomed him, with munificent hospitality.† (Howard Zinn, 12) â€Å"They lack all manner of commerce, neither buying nor selling, and rely exclusively on their natural environment for maintenance. They are extremely generous with their possessions and by the same token covet the possessions of then; friends and expect the same degree of liberality. ...† (As told by Las Casas)( Howard Zinn, 7) â€Å" We are unarmed, and willing to give you what you ask, if you come in a friendly manner, and not so simple as not to know that it is much better

Can environmental factors acting on organisms lead to inherited Essay

Can environmental factors acting on organisms lead to inherited changes in phenotype in descendant - Essay Example Any ecosystem is composed of Abiotic and Biotic components. The Abiotic components include the atmosphere, where air acts as a medium, lithosphere and hydrosphere. The nature of the response of the organisms to these Abiotic factors depends on the essential factors and limiting factors. The response is best explained rather by ecological theories like Liebig-Blackman Law of Limiting factors and Shelford's Law of Tolerance. The Biotic components are composed of the biotic community each with an ecological niche influenced by community evolution, succession, growth, regulation and interactions. The ecological genetics is thus, a product of interactions of organisms with these Abiotic and biotic factors with the elements of adaptation, natural selection and speciation largely influenced by the ecological dynamics of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Thus, inherited changes in a phenotype depends on gravity of these interactions and the potential of these factors to cause a genomic change or a mutation. It is worthy to mention the role of Ecological pollution as a potential and vital factor in this process of genomic change today. Ecological pollution is one of the vital factors causing genomic changes or mutation, which is being carried through the generations. Thus, these pollutants act as potential mutagens. ... More than 65,000 chemicals are currently in use in U.K with which human beings come into constant contact. Many of these chemicals are harmful and pose a serious health hazard. Numerous chemicals have been designated as hazardous to biological system and these chemicals pose an occupational health hazard to workers who are constantly in contact with them. These chemicals are often toxic, mutagenic/carcinogenic, causing serious diseases like Cancer and disabilities of various kinds. Even children born to women working in nickel refinery have been found to have Genital malformations. Industrial units that release toxic gases like Sulphur di oxide, Nitrogenous compounds and Mercurial derivatives contribute to air pollution to a great extent. The automobile exhaust fumes rich in carbon monoxide harms the oxygen binding mechanism in human blood. Welding is another industrial important contributor in which metal or other thermoplastic materials are joined together by the application of heat or pressure. This process produces gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene and tungsten. (Palmer .T, 2006) The gas and chemical pollutants primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration. The deposition of these inhaled particles in the lungs is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions including Asthma and Cancer depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. Even babies in the womb have been found to be susceptible than their mothers to DNA damage from air pollution, despite the added protection of the

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art Was Egon Schiele ahead of his time or just in touch with it? A master of expressionism or practising pornographer and paedophile? What was the driving force behind his most memorable images; those being his nudes and self portraits? Looking at economic, social, personal influences, was he milking the times and environment for self gain or was he a hormone raging self absorbed youngster finding himself? Introduction Expressionism is described in typically polemic terms in the preface for the 1912 exhibition in Cologne, featuring new artists of this genre. In it, it says: â€Å"the exhibition is intended to offer a general view of the newest movement in painting, which has succeeded atmospheric naturalism and the impressionist rendering of motion, and which strives to offer a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression, after new rhythms and new uses of colour and a decorative or monumental configuration – a general view of that movement which has been described as expressionism.† Schiele certainly fulfilled the loose terminologies expressed above, as a great deal of the subject matter he explored, primarily his nudes and his self-portraits, were concerned with the constant need to redefine and explore different ways of expressing these themes; a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression. At times, Schiele reduces the broad sentiments of Impressionism to a single streak; he cuts out all that is unnecessary, reducing his backgrounds to a simple wash of colour, and thus focuses on his primary interest, that of the human subject. Schiele was also extremely concerned with the notion of self in his work; he is frequently cited in critical work as a narcissist and, with over 100 self portraits to his name, each of which appear to be concerned with showing himself in various, often contradictory ways, this would appear to be true. But, beyond simple glorification of the self, Schiele seems to be doing something else in his self-portraiture. By picturing himself in such a varied and at times contradictory way, Schiele in turn questions his own authenticity, and attempts to align himself with that great canon of artist in society, as a contemporary Promethean or Christ-like figure. â€Å"Allegory, unmasking, the presentation of a personable image, and close scrutiny of body language as influenced by the psyche, all met most palpably where Schieles eye looked most searchingly – in his self-portraits, his odyssey through the vast lands of the self. His reflections on and of himself filled a great hall of mirrors where he performed a pantomime of the self unparalleled in twentieth century art.† Indeed, the ambiguity of Schiele as regards himself is a dense and complex subject, which regards both â€Å"truth†, and a more subjective appraisal of art in Viennese society during the time in which Schiele was painting. Schiele was also concerned with breaking down and fundamentally opposing the traditions of Viennese culture and art which, at the time, were largely very conservative in opinion. In his art, Schiele would strike out at the culture that celebrated Biedermeier art and the slavish reproduction of classical works that he was taught at Viennas Academie der Bildunden Kunste (Viennas Academy of Fine Art), which he was admitted to on the grounds of his exceptional talent as a draughtsman. Most prominently, he would break these rules, and was thus ahead of his times with his extremely controversial oeuvre, which broke from these schools almost completely, both stylistically and in terms of the subject matter that they conveyed. But it is extremely difficult, if not impossible when considering any artist to extricate him / her from the times in which he / she was born. An artist is inevitably bound to the world around him / her, and thus, it is important to consider the economic, social and cultural trends that were prevalent at the time. Schiele was part of the expressionist movement – which immediately set itself up against the heralded principals of art in Vienna, by setting up its own artist-led business entities, using the work and the life of Klimt as an example. I will expand upon the layered history that led up to Viennese expressionism, and hope to extrapolate the extent to which Schiele was paving the way for a new generation of artists. Schieles art was especially controversial in its subject matter. In his early work especially, unflinching portraits were painted that not only showed Schiele in uncompromising positions, but also subjects such as proletariat children, who were invariably portrayed naked, and painted with a grotesque and sickly eroticism that draws you unerringly into these taboo areas. Whether Schiele was deliberately trying to shock and provoke the modesties of the Viennese public, or whether he was trying to uncover a more universal, spiritual or sexual truth is subject to debate. Overall, in this essay, I will discuss how the history of Vienna impacted upon the work of Schiele, looking at the cultural, social and economic impact of Schiele. I will also look at how Schiele uses the self-portrait, especially how he chooses to either promote, or at least define the prevalent role of expressionist artist in his work. Then I will look at how the abundance of these controversial self-portraits, along with innumerable photographs of Schiele posing, in turn makes Schieles identity in his work more ambiguous. Then I will look at the more pornographic side of Schiele, and question how Schiele, deeply embedded in the cultural and moral codes of the time, reacted entirely against them and established his own, art of â€Å"ugliness†. History Of Viennese Expressionism Fredrick Raphael, in his preface to Dream Story by Arthur Schnitzler, suggests something about the Viennese psyche; he says that: â€Å"In 1866, Bismarcks Prussia destroyed Austro-Hungarys bravely incompetent army at Sadowa. The effect of that defeat on the Viennese psyche cannot be exactly assessed. Austria had already suffered preliminary humiliation by the French, under Louis-Napoleon, but Sadowa confirmed that she would never again be a major player in the worlds game. Yet conscious acceptance of Austrias vanished supremacy was repressed by the brilliance and brio of its social and artistic life. Who can be surprised that Adlers discovery of the inferiority complex, and of compensating assertiveness, was made in a society traumatized by dazzling decline? It was as if the city which spawned Arthur Schinitzler and Sigmund Freud feared to awake from its tuneful dreams to prosaic reality.† Indeed, the times in which Egon Schiele was making his mark on the Viennese establishment was a time where the Viennese art community were at their most conservative, or most susceptible to lapsing into these â€Å"tuneful dreams†. Schieles self-imposed mission, it seemed, was to violently shake these people into a state of consciousness. But that isnt to say that Schiele existed entirely in a vacuum, living entirely by his own rules. Comini stresses that: â€Å"The content of Schieles Expressionism then was a heightened sense of pathos and impending doom, and an acute awareness of the self. Schieles Expressionist form drew from the great European reservoir of Symbolist evocativeness.† So, from a veritable melange of varying influences, Schiele managed to get his form, which combined that of exceptional draughtsman, with an inescapable desire for portraying the artistry of â€Å"ugliness†, something of which Schiele was something of a pioneer. In 1897, Schiele joined the painting class of Christian Griepenkerl; who was a deeply conservative artist devoted to neoclassicism, or the slavish devotion and replication of classic works of art. This involved long hours copying the works of the Old Masters at Viennas Academy of Fine Art. Schiele was enrolled for his superior draughtsmanship, but he was eventually alienated from it because he didnt see the relevance or the importance in neoclassicism. Thus, he became something of a troublemaker to the establishment, and was eventually forced out. This was echoed 100 years hence by the Romantics; an art group who pursued a loose programme intended to reinvest art with emotional impact. The Romantics, however, proved too unpalatable to the Viennese citizenry, who instead preferred the work of Biedermeier artists. Kallir says: â€Å"On the whole, Germans proved more receptive to Romanticism than Austrians who shied away from such intense expressions of feeling and took refuge in the mundane cheer of the Biedermeier.† She goes on to say: â€Å"Biedermeier [†¦] was geared more to the applied than to the fine arts, though in all its myriad incarnations it promoted the personal comforts of the middle class Burger. Biedermeier painting revolved around idealized renditions of everyday life, scenes of domestic bliss, genre pictures portraying ruddy-cheeked peasants, and picturesque views of the native countryside.† Being born into this highly stringent, conservative environment must have shaped Schieles defiance somewhat, as Schiele not only seems to break with what was established in Vienna as profitable art, but he almost seems to occupy exactly the opposite role. Even in works by Klimt, who was deemed controversial at the time, there are still elements of decorative palatability that makes his work visually and aesthetically appealing. Schiele seems to be deliberately working against this formula; which was brave considering that art, at the time, depended on patronage and buyers to actually sustain a profit. Schiele didnt seem concerned in the slightest that his work wouldnt get a buyer. In fact, the market is abandoned almost completely. In Schieles early work, art becomes â€Å"ugly†; his figures are pallid and atrophied; the composition of the pieces are unconventional and thus attack the sensibilities of the audience. Upon his break from Viennas Academy, and much akin to Klimt, whom he admired and painted on a number of occasions, Schiele set up his own group, entitled simply, â€Å"The New Art Group.† This was similar to Klimts route, as he set up the Viennese Secession, of which Schiele would play a part, which came from and used the tried and tested formula of the Genossenschaft betdender Kunster Wiens (Vienna Society of Visual Artists), a project financed by Emperor Franz Josef as a means of promoting art in the city. However, this system was not without its drawbacks. â€Å"Its progressive potential was [†¦] undermined by a policy of majority rule, which generally granted victory to the conservative faction. Within this context, the societys role as dealer was particularly disturbing to the younger, more forward-thinking minority, from whom exclusion from major exhibitions could have adverse financial consequences.† Similarly, the capitalist nature of art, coupled with the conservatism of the market made for a very difficult time for the progressive artist, and perhaps was a reason behind why Schiele opposed the artistic community with such fervency and vitriol, and often resorted to shock tactics and self-publicity to get himself heard. Klimts Secession operated on similar principles to the Vienna society: â€Å"†¦the Secession [†¦] was principally a marketing agent for its members work.† Thus, again it proved difficult for the younger, more radical artists to break through, despite Klimts support. Later, funds from patronage dwindled, so it was necessary for artists to seek out new markets. â€Å"The withdrawal of official patronage pre-empted the Secessionists to seek new ways of generating the sales and commissions necessary to keep them in business.† Ultimately, this meant that socialist, and personal art became more prominent a theme. The monumental, allegorical themes that Klimt and Schiele tended to attack (although Schieles work was deeply personal, it was also very monumental and took a number of influences from Klimt and symbolist art), no longer had a substantial market. Klimts decorative style, coupled with his established name, could still sell work to his established clients. Schiele, however, had no such luck, and it was only in 1918, the last year of his life, that Schiele managed to break even with his work. Although Schiele did not seem overly concerned with the economic potential of his works; in fact, he even seemed to equate poverty and suffering to the role of an artist in general, and Schiele was probably one of the most uncompromising artists of the twentieth century in terms of pandering to a particular audience; it is nevertheless important to consider economics, social and cultural conditions because, Schiele, by setting himself and his role as an artist in direct opposition to the establishment, also put himself in the long-standing tradition of artist in opposition to mainstream society. Kallir points out that: â€Å"The Secession, the Galerie Muethke, and the Wiener Werkstatte [, the latter two being establishments set up in the wake of the gradual reduction of patronage funds and a need to find and establish new markets for art], in the formative first decade of this century were peculiar products of their times that shared common aspirations and limitations. It was important to all concerned that these entities, although ostensibly committed to marketing art, were artist-run.† So, although economics were a concern in art, they were not necessarily, as dictated previously with the majority run Vienna Society of Visual Artists, primarily about making money and transforming the Viennese art scene into a profitable industry. Economics was an incidental concern, only foisted upon the establishment by chronic necessity: â€Å"The artists evinced a tacitly accepted loathing for art-as-business (Schiele could be particularly eloquent on this point) and a determination to place aesthetic considerations above economic ones.† So, as is fairly obvious from the art that he made, Schiele was against the motive of making money from art. But this reveals an interesting contradiction that plagued expressionist and other, later artists seeking to make a living from art at the same time as challenging the social and economic processes that ultimately fund its creation: â€Å"[I]f the primary goal [of these entities] was to serve the artistic community, these organisations could not entirely ignore their secondary purpose: to sell art.† So, Schiele, like many other artists, was cut between a requirement for money (which was especially apparent now that the former staple of patronage monies had all but dried up), and a requirement to express uncompromisingly his artistic expression. Schiele would not settle for the former, and instead pursued the latter with a vigour and an intensity that, at the time, was quite extraordinary. Schiele and Self-Portraiture. Of all the artists in the 20th century, or indeed any century, Egon Schiele was probably one of the most self-conscious. But, in Schiele, the self is a very problematic subject. Schoeder suggests: â€Å"In his self-portraits, Schiele shows himself as wrathful, with a look of spiritual vacancy, or as if racked by a severe spasm of hysteria; or arrogantly looking down his nose, with head tossed back; or apprehensively or naively peering out of the picture. Which Schiele is the real Schiele?† Schiele seems to instinctively divide himself into differing components, but also, he uses art to singularly pursue his own political views of the role of artist, in many ways using self-portraiture to assert, rather than fragment his own personality. The ambiguity with which Schiele regards himself can be looked at in a number of ways. 1. The Artist-as-Martyr It could be argued that Schiele was simply posing, or playing the varying roles of artist to gratify his ego. This is interesting because Schiele was definitely working toward a specific identity as artist. In 1912, Schiele was arrested for three days for publishing obscene works where they could be displayed to children. An item of his work was subsequently burned in the courtroom. In prison, he creates a number of interesting works of art, that are especially interesting because their titles read like manifestoes. Titles such as Hindering the Artist is a Crime, It Is Murdering Life in the Bud! (1912), For Art and for My Loved Ones I Will Gladly Endure to the End! (1912), and Art Cannot Be Modern: Art Is Primordially Eternal (1912). Certainly, judging from these titles, Schiele definitely has a number of ideas regarding the artist, his specific role, and what separates a true artist from a charlatan. Schiele, in his highly polemical, hyperbolic painting titles, equates the artist with suffering and martyrdom, suggesting that he will â€Å"endure†, and immediately glorifying the artist as a giver of life and eternal well being to the masses. Schroeder goes on to say: â€Å"Behind these works lies the idealization of suffering in the Romantic cull of genius, as updated in the last years of the nineteenth century through the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche and through the posthumous response to Arthur Schopenhauer. [†¦] The turn of the century saw the apogee of the Artist-as-Martyr legend, in which the relationship between suffering and greatness draws so close that the pose of suffering may in itself constitute a claim to the higher grades of artistic initiation.† So, the implication here is that Schiele was indeed acting a specific role of artist, that he was assuming a specific â€Å"pose of suffering† that was in many ways an act of fulfilling his societal role as an artist. Certainly these roles of suffering were explicit in his work. In Self-Portrait Standing (1910), Schiele portrays himself as contorted and thin; his face is twisted into an ugly grimace, and the colours used are mottled, pale and rotten. His arms are deformed and his positioning is unnatural and forced. His eyes are hollow and there is no context to the portrait; the background is a simple cream colouring. To exaggerate his alienation yet further, Schiele highlights his body with a shock of white. This has the effect of drawing the subject even further out of his environmental world, and, along with the forced hand gestures, serves to make us see the subject as an exhibit, rather than as part of a natural world. As Schroeder points out: â€Å"On the white expanse of paper, they do not exist: they are exhibited.† In his principal work, Hermits (1912), he paints himself with Gustav Klimt, whose own break with neoclassicism and ornate style of expressionism was a major influence on Schieles early work. Klimt is seen as asleep, or else resting on the shoulders of Schiele, who stands in front of him in a large black cloak. Mitsch suggests that in Hermits, â€Å"[s]eldom has the human body been visualised so exclusively as a materialization of spiritual forces [†¦].† But the painting is called Hermits, which suggests something about the role of artist that Schiele observed, although the painting certainly displays elements of the spiritual; as Steiner suggests, â€Å"he presents the master and himself in a picture where two male figures in monklike garb and with aureoles about their heads are seen on a monumental plinth.† In Hermits, Schiele and Klimt both look glum; Schiele stares defiantly back through the painting. The vast black cloak serves to homogenize the body of Klimt and Schiele, and thus portrays the role of the artist in general as one of blackness, of a biblical darkness. But, the title is more secular: Steiner goes on to say that: â€Å"We see Hermits (as the painting is called) and not saints, and the tone is no longer mystical and remote but one of delicate equilibrium between the two men – the elder, Klimt, deathlike, and the younger, Schiele, looking grim, doubtless because the artist leads a solitary life, condemned by society to suffer.† So, Schiele, in a very modernist way, is simultaneously divorcing himself from the establishment of the religious school of Neoclassicism, but is also contemporising it. In similar ways that Freud brought scientific rigour, and secular practice into studies of the human psyche, Schiele was in turn taking religion out of mystical, allegorical artwork, and instead putting himself into it. This artistic position, as forerunner to Klimt, in a sense, emerging from the body of Klimt, but staring out defiantly and uniquely, epitomizes Schieles position. Steiner suggests that: â€Å"At the time that he painted Hermits, Schiele was already seeing himself as a kind of priest of art, more the visionary than the academician, seeing and revealing things that remain concealed from normal people.† 2. The Artist-As-Protean The ambiguity with which Schiele forges his own identity can also be seen in a different way. The variance between different forms of self-portrait merely represent different sides of the Schiele character. This would certainly fit into the Freudian notion of self – as a stigmatized, fragmentary and anarchic collection of different preconceived notions. For instance; Freuds basic notions of Id, Ego and Super-Ego serve to fragment the self – psychoanalysis in general serves to this effect, and, in a number of Schiele self-portraits, he uses the quite unusual system of the double portrait to encapsulate this fragmentation. Fischer makes the point that â€Å"[t]he familiar repertoire of Freudian psychology with its ego and super-ego, conscious and unconscious realms, might equally be applied to these dual self-portraits.† A great deal of photography of Egon Schiele (of which a great deal exists) utilizes the effect of double exposure, thus, a doubling of the self. In one untitled photograph of Egon Schiele , he is seen firstly staring into the distance, while another image of himself looks back, observing himself intently. Steiner says that: â€Å"Schiele countered the sensory fragmentation of the self by means of a multiple self which came little by little to form a visual concept which reconstituted his unity with the world in a visionary way.† Indeed, during the time when expressionism was most active, a serious redefinition was underway, on the secular, theoretical grounds of Nietzsche and Freud, and also due to the cataclysmic human and social catastrophe of the Great War. In Hermann Bahrs 1916 book, simply entitled Expressionism, he says: â€Å"Never was there a time so shaken with so much terror, such a fear of death. Never was the world so deathly silent. Never was man so small. Never had he been so alarmed. Never was joy so far away and liberty so dead.† But he rallies against this bleakness, which is encapsulated in other modernist and expressionist works; works such as Eliots Wasteland and the paintings of Munsch and the German school of expressionism: â€Å"Now necessity cries out. Man cries after his soul, and the whole age becomes a single cry of need. Art, too, cries with it, into the depths of darkness; it cries for help; it cries after the spiritual: that is expressionism.† So, by ploughing the ambiguities of the self, this reading would assume that Schiele was, in many respects, crying â€Å"after his soul†, so to speak; searching among the myriad of different identities available to him, a concrete or at least a compatible sense of self that had eluded him, along with an entire generation of artists dispossessed by the Viennese establishment. The various parts of Schieles meticulous, and almost surgical self-analysis falls into a number of distinct camps, but also seems to, in a more generalised sense, work against the pattern of self-portrait or nudity established by other artists. Up until that time, generally speaking, the nude was seen in a grandiose sense: the painted nude women, such as those in Degas, were painted as Goddesses, resplendently beautiful, radiant, often placed in scenarios that depicted frolicking jollity or natural equilibrium; and the men, who were much rarer in contemporary art, were generally seen as heroic, muscular and noble. Schiele breaks entirely with this long-established tradition. Firstly, the school of nude self-portraiture at the time only comprised of a single person; Richard Gerstl, whose painting Self-Portrait, Naked stood on its own at the time as the only painting to be done of the nude artist. Schroeder points out: â€Å"Just how uncommon is was to depict oneself naked is revealed by the fact that before 1910 only one precedent existed in the whole of Austrian art.† Thus, Schiele was already putting himself in the position of pioneer of a particularly exhibitionist genre. But, in unsheathing the artist of the attire that would previously assign to him his identity, Schiele places a whole new dynamic in the art: the dynamic of the self itself. One of Schieles most important works Seated Male Nude (1910), Schiele portrays himself covering up his own face. Indeed, in most of his self-portraits, especially his early ones, his posture is contorted and manufactured; he is posing and the background again is simply a plain, unembellished white. In Seated Male Nude, Schiele is grossly emaciated, his feet have been cut off, and his nipples and eyes glow red, suggesting that there is a deep demonism within him. He is seen as grotesquely, disturbingly ectomorphic; â€Å"the figure looks as though it has been taken down from a gothic crucifix: it is angular, and looks carved: Schiele was seeing himself as Christ without a loin-cloth. The red highlights of his eyes, nipples, navel and genitals make the body look as if it were glowing from within.† But, also, the red â€Å"glowing from within† also exposes another central tenet of Schieles work – namely, that it gives the appearance that he is hollow inside. Schiele preserved his more allegorical, symbolic works for the medium of oil; paintings such as Hermits discussed earlier, and thus, this hollowness cannot be overlooked as having greater metaphorical meaning, and would suggest the reasons behind why Schieles self-portraiture varied to such a large degree; namely, that the inner self which Schiele was desperate to uncover, was absent, or simply defined as a mad, glowing redness. â€Å"[S]pastic and hunch-backed, or with a rachitic deformation of the ribcage: this was the artist as an image of abject misery – a cripple [†¦] the dirty colouring, with its shrill accents, makes the flesh tones ugly and aberrant. In Seated Male Nude, a self-portrait, the artist mutates into an insect. The absence of feet [†¦] [is] an amputation. This is a mangled soul in a mangled body. We see through the body into the soul.† Indeed, the mangled soul is non-existent, the inside is hollow and empty. So, insomuch as this is similarly affected by social and cultural developments at the time, Schiele is moreover offering a more detailed and theoretically astute reading of the self and warring and dissolute factions. Schroeder says that: â€Å"If all of these self-dramatizations reveal the true nucleus of the painters psyche, then he must have been a fragmented personality, unlikely to escape the diagnostic attentions of the genius Sigmund Freud. The question is just how much of his psyche is conveyed by his self-portraits, either those with grimaces or those that express a frozen resignation? What and whom does Egon Schiele really see in his studio mirror? [†¦] It makes all the difference in the world whether he is observing his own body as an act of direct, emotional self-knowledge or whether in his imagination he is slipping into someone elses role and experiencing his own self as that of another person.† So, that Schiele depicts himself as a variety of different people doesnt necessarily mean that he is living up to a certain artistic function; in a sense, glamorizing the role of the artist as a suffering person. Art As Pornography Schiele has been regarded by many critics as a pornographer. Looking at his paintings, which often draw attention to the genitals, to eroticized regions of the human body, as well as the contorted and mechanistic quality to the nude portraits, which appear twisted and exploited. Schiele was eventually put in prison for his indecency, although this was due to his eccentric practice of showing his work to the friends of the children who were painted, often nude. Schroder suggests that â€Å"[i]n Schieles early pictures of children the objective embarrassment of the models lowly social origins is reinforced by the embarrassment of their obscene nakedness.† This would suggest that the portraits themselves are designed to be as exploitative and as pornographic as possible. The children portrayed are certainly seen in an especially lurid light; and their embarrassment is portrayed by their forced poses, the absence of environment, etc. However, it is often difficult, at the time and later, to extrapolate eroticism from pornography, and in Schiele, this is particularly difficult. Schiele himself denied accusations of pornography, and certainly, the nudes have greater substance and meaning in terms of formulating an Expressionist identity of the self. Mitsch suggests that Schiele â€Å"expresses [in his eroticism] human bondage and is to be understood as a burden that is painful to bear. Aimed, from the beginning, at outspokenness and truthfulness, it assumes almost inevitably a daring form.† So, here difficulty with regarding Schieles output is highlighted. The work is about expressing human bondage, but it is also exaggerated and mutilated and â€Å"outspoken†. So Schiele acts as both pornographer and eroticist, and also strikes out more clearly at exposing the truth behind the body. Schiele himself commented on accusations that his work is pornographic made by his Uncle, by replying in a letter, saying that â€Å"the erotic work of art is scared too.† The painting Reclining Girl In A Blue Dress (1910), establishes this difficulty. In it, a girl is portrayed, leaning back and revealing her genitals. Her genitals are high-lighted in white, and draw the eye to the girls genitals using both composition and colour. The brush-strokes are strikingly crude, almost sketchy. Fischer says that â€Å"[i]t is impossible to defend this picture against the charge of pornography. Even so, Schieles radicalism of form places him beyond too simplistic a categorisation.† He goes on to say: â€Å"He was not merely out to satisfy a shallow voyeuristic impulse. Pubescent lust and delight in discovery, the naà ¯ve symbolism of distinguishing sexual features, and boyish stratagems for looking up girls skirts are combined in the twenty-year-old artists way of viewing the world with the invention of ingenious new forms, which took the Schiele of 1910 a step forward, out of the world of teachers and uncles and into the radical world view of the Expressionist avant-garde. In the years ahead, Schiele pursued this distinctive combination obsessively.† So, according to Fischer, even though his work was pornographic, the forms in which this pornography took and the means by which Schiele painted these pornographic images, allowed us to question the nature of the images and thus elevate them to something beyond pornography. Schiele was certainly obsessed with portraying the self: his images, despite being, at times, shamelessly provocative and deliberately controversial to the conservative Viennese public (the pre-conceived role of an artist to challenge the perception of the ordinary people would stress this, and was a certain depiction of the artist that Schiele would live by), would also put stress on the techniques and the principles applied to the painting in order to elevate it beyond mere titillation or voyeurism. In his nudes, Schiele was definitely looking to get closer to his, and societies view of the human condition in the confusing wake of secularism, the transmogrification of belief toward the self (in Freud and Nietzsche, for instance), and the selfs role in society. Naturally his view is not a particularly optimistic one, and he is frequently out to establish the pain in the heart of the self – his cut-off, mutilated and distorted figures serve to expose the more desultory aspects of the self, and thus his images appear less as pornographic, and more as pieces that actually challenge and oppose the traditionally porno